Consequências de um Ártico em rápido aquecimento

Redação 30/12/202230/12/2022 aquecimento global, degelo, mudanças climáticas

Consequências de um Ártico em rápido aquecimento

O aquecimento do Ártico revela mudanças nas estações, distúrbios generalizados, clima extremo e eventos incomuns de mortalidade da vida selvagem

A mudança das estações e os distúrbios climáticos, como incêndios florestais, clima extremo e eventos incomuns de mortalidade da vida selvagem, estão se tornando cada vez mais difíceis de avaliar dentro do contexto do que antes era considerado normal.

Manchetes

A temperatura média do ar na superfície do Ártico no ano passado (outubro de 2021 a setembro de 2022) foi a 6ª mais quente desde 1900. Os últimos sete anos são coletivamente os sete anos mais quentes já registrados.
A baixa pressão no Ártico do Alasca e no norte do Canadá sustentou temperaturas quentes de verão no Mar de Beaufort e no Arquipélago Canadense.
O Ártico continua a aquecer duas vezes mais rápido que o resto do globo, com aquecimento ainda maior em alguns locais e épocas do ano.

Nos oceanos

A extensão do gelo marinho do Ártico em 2022 foi semelhante a 2021 e bem abaixo da média de longo prazo.
As temperaturas médias da superfície do mar em agosto de 2022 continuaram mostrando tendências de aquecimento para 1982-2022 na maioria das regiões sem gelo do Oceano Ártico. As SSTs no Mar de Chukchi foram anormalmente frias em agosto de 2022.
A maioria das regiões do Ártico continuou a apresentar aumento da proliferação de plâncton oceânico, ou produtividade primária oceânica , durante o período de 2003-22, com os maiores aumentos no Ártico da Eurásia e no Mar de Barents.
Registros de satélite de 2009 a 2018 mostram o aumento do tráfego de navios marítimos no Ártico à medida que o gelo marinho diminui. Os aumentos mais significativos no tráfego marítimo estão ocorrendo do Oceano Pacífico através do Estreito de Bering e do Mar de Beaufort.
A missão Oceans Melting Greenland da NASA usou tecnologia de ponta para demonstrar que o aumento das temperaturas oceânicas ao longo da plataforma continental da Groenlândia está contribuindo para a perda de gelo por meio do derretimento das geleiras nas margens da camada de gelo.

Na terra

A cobertura de neve terrestre de junho de 2022 foi excepcionalmente baixa tanto na América do Norte (segunda mais baixa no registro de 56 anos) quanto no Ártico da Eurásia (terceira mais baixa no registro). O acúmulo de inverno foi acima da média, mas o derretimento precoce da neve em um Ártico em aquecimento contribuiu para a baixa cobertura geral de neve.
Um aumento significativo na precipitação do Ártico desde a década de 1950 agora é detectável em todas as estações. Condições mais úmidas do que o normal foram observadas de outubro de 2021 a setembro de 2022, naquele que foi o terceiro ano mais chuvoso dos últimos 72 anos.
A camada de gelo da Groenlândia experimentou seu 25º ano consecutivo de perda de gelo. Em setembro de 2022, o aquecimento sem precedentes no final da temporada criou condições de derretimento da superfície em mais de 36% da camada de gelo, inclusive no cume da camada de gelo de 10.500 pés.
O esverdeamento da tundra diminuiu em relação aos valores recordes dos dois anos anteriores, com alta produtividade na maior parte do Ártico norte-americano, mas produtividade extraordinariamente baixa no nordeste da Sibéria. Incêndios florestais, eventos climáticos extremos e outros distúrbios se tornaram mais frequentes, influenciando a variabilidade do verde da tundra.
Diferenças marcantes foram observadas entre as durações do gelo do lago na Eurásia e na América do Norte, com durações de gelo substancialmente mais longas do que a média na Eurásia e predominantemente mais curtas na América do Norte. O congelamento dos lagos do Ártico está ocorrendo mais tarde na maior parte da América do Norte, especialmente no Canadá.
A distribuição, estado de conservação e ecologia da maioria dos polinizadores do Ártico são pouco conhecidos, embora esses insetos sejam extremamente importantes para os ecossistemas do Ártico e os sistemas alimentares dos povos indígenas do Ártico e residentes do Ártico. O monitoramento coordenado de longo prazo, o aumento do financiamento e as tecnologias emergentes podem melhorar nossa compreensão dos habitats e do status dos polinizadores do Ártico e informar estratégias eficazes de conservação.

Pássaros árticos

Em 2022, apesar de um surto de gripe aviária altamente patogênica afetando aves em toda a América do Norte e condições climáticas variáveis na primavera, o tamanho da população da maioria dos gansos do Ártico permaneceu alto com tendências crescentes ou estáveis. Várias espécies de gansos fornecem comida e significado cultural para muitos povos.
Em contraste, as comunidades na região norte de Bering e no sul do Mar de Chukchi relataram mortandade de aves marinhas acima do esperado pelo sexto ano consecutivo. Rastrear a duração, a extensão geográfica e a magnitude da mortandade de aves marinhas na extensa e remota costa do Alasca só é possível por meio de uma comunicação bem coordenada e uma rede dedicada de parceiros tribais, estaduais e federais.

Consequências da rápida mudança ambiental do Ártico para as pessoas

As pessoas experimentam as consequências de um Ártico em rápida mudança como os efeitos combinados das condições físicas, respostas dos recursos biológicos, impactos na infraestrutura, decisões que influenciam as capacidades adaptativas e influências ambientais e internacionais na economia e no bem-estar.
Vivendo e inovando em ambientes árticos ao longo de milênios, os povos indígenas desenvolveram conhecimento holístico, proporcionando resiliência e sustentabilidade . A experiência indígena é aumentada por habilidades científicas para reconstruir ambientes passados e modelar e prever mudanças futuras. Os tomadores de decisão (de comunidades a governos) têm as habilidades necessárias para aplicar essa experiência e conhecimento para ajudar a mitigar e se adaptar a um Ártico em rápida mudança.
Abordar as mudanças ambientais do Ártico sem precedentes requer ouvir uns aos outros, alinhar valores e colaborar entre sistemas de conhecimento, disciplinas e setores da sociedade.

Uma amostra de eventos notáveis e distúrbios generalizados em todo o Ártico

Uma amostra de eventos notáveis e distúrbios generalizados em todo o Ártico. Imagem de Climate.gov.

Fonte: NOAA – Arctic Report Card

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Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity: The Response of Marine Algae to Climate Warming and Sea Ice Decline

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Tundra Greenness

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Satellite Record of Pan-Arctic Maritime Ship Traffic

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Lake Ice

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Arctic Geese of North America

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Lefebvre, J., G., Gauthier, J. F., Giroux, A. Reed, E. T. Reed, and L. Bélanger, 2017: The greater snow goose Anser caerulescens atlanticus: Managing an overabundant population. Ambio, 46, 262-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0887-1.

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Consequences of Rapid Environmental Arctic Change for People

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